IPA – number 122
IPA – text r
IPA – image {{{imagesize}}}
Entity r
X-SAMPA r
Kirshenbaum r<trl>
Sound sample (help·info)

The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is [r], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is informally and commonly called the rolling R or rolled R. Quite often, /r/ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because <r> is often the symbol used for the orthographies of such languages.

In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Spanish, Portuguese and Albanian, which treat them as separate phonemes.

Contents

[edit] Features

Features of the alveolar trill:

[edit] Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ашəара [aʃʷara] 'measure' See Abkhaz phonology
Afrikaans rooi [rɔɪ] 'red'
Albanian rrush [ruʃ] 'grape'
Arabic رأس [rɑʔs] 'head' represented by a <ر>. See Arabic phonology
Basque errota [eˈrota] 'mill'
Catalan[1] esborrar [əsbuˈra] 'to delete' See Catalan phonology
Croatian tri [tri] 'three' May be syllabic.
Czech chlor [xlɔ̝ːr] 'chlorine' May be syllabic. See Czech phonology
Dutch rood [roːt] 'red' Standard pronunciation. Pronunciation of 'r' varies regionally, see Dutch phonology
English Scottish Dialect curd [kʌrd] 'curd' See English phonology
Finnish purra [purːɑ] 'to bite' See Finnish phonology
French southern France and Corsica rouge [ruʒ] 'red' See Standard and Quebec French phonologies.
rural Quebec
German southern dialects Robe [roːbə] 'robe' See German phonology
Greek νερό [ne̞ˈro̞] 'water' See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi घर [gʱər] 'house' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian erdő [ɛrdøː] 'forest' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[2] terra [ˈtɛrra] 'earth' See Italian phonology
Ngwe Njoagwi dialect [lɛ̀rɛ́] 'eye'
Polish[3] krok [krɔk] (help·info) 'step' See Polish phonology
Portuguese carro [ˈkäru] 'car' In some dialects. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R.
Romanian măr [mər] 'apple' See Romanian phonology
Russian[4] играть [ɪˈgr̠atʲ] 'to play' Retracted. See Russian phonology
Serbian рт/rt [r̩t] 'cape' May be syllabic
Slovak ryba [riba] 'fish' May be syllabic
Spanish[5] perro [ˈpɛro̞] 'dog' See Spanish phonology
Tajik арра [ʌrrʌ] 'saw'
Ubykh [bəqˁʼərda] 'to roll around'
Welsh Rhagfyr [ˈr̥aːgvɨr] 'December'

[edit] Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill

There is a phone (different from [r]) which is exclusively used in Czech (in words such as rybáři [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen'). Its manner of articulation is similar but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative. It is orthographically represented by the letter ř, and in IPA as [r̝] (before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol [ɼ]). The basic manner of pronunciation is voiced but there is also a voiceless allophone [r̝̊].

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  2. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  3. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  4. ^ Skalozub (1963); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)
  5. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)

[edit] Bibliography

  • Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
  • Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
  • Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
  • Skalozub, Larisa (1963), Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta
v • d • e
Consonants
List · Table
Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal Non-pulmonics and other symbols [edit • talk]
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ  Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ  Impl.  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ  Eject.  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ
Approxim. ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ  Affr.  p̪͡f t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ
Trills ʙ r • ʀ • Other laterals  ɺ • ɫ
Flaps / taps ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ • • Co-art. fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • • Co-art. approxim.  ʍ w ɥ
Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m
This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.
See also IPA · Vowels

The Letter "R"
General: The letter R · Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) · Rhotic and non-rhotic accents · R-colored vowels · Guttural R · Linking R and Intrusive R
Pronunciations: Alveolar trill [r] · Alveolar approximant [ɹ] · Alveolar tap [ɾ] · Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] ·Retroflex approximant [ɻ] · Retroflex flap [ɽ] ·Uvular trill [ʀ] ·Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Variations: R rotunda · Ɍɍ (R with stroke) · Ʀʀ · Ȑȑ · Ŕŕ · Ŗŗ · Řř · Ȓȓ · Ṙṙ · Ṛṛ · Ṝṝ · Ṟṟ · Rd · Rh · Rl · Rn · Rr · Rt · Rnd · ᚱ (Raidô) · ℛ (Riemann integral) · ℜ (Real part) · ℝ (Real number) · ® (Registered trademark symbol) · Ⓡ (Enclosed R)